Records 101–140 of 415. Open a study to inspect the full evidence record. Source links lead directly to the publication. Updated 19 October 2026.
Brain health and combination interventions (1) · Food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism (33) · Prescription betaine and inherited metabolic disorders (6)
Randomized single-blind RCT. The multi-ingredient group reported a higher rate of complete symptom regression than the omeprazole comparison.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling. The model predicted limited additional homocysteine benefit beyond twice-daily dosing or about 150 mg/kg/day in this setting.
Food-composition analysis. Wheat bran, wheat germ and spinach were among the richest measured betaine sources. Food concentrations varied widely.
Food-composition analysis. Wheat-based foods contained substantial betaine, but food amounts were far below specialist therapeutic doses used for homocystinuria.
Milk and formula composition study. Betaine was detected in breast milk and standard formula but not at amounts equivalent to homocystinuria therapy.
Randomized crossover controlled trial. All betaine-rich wheat fractions raised plasma betaine; minimally processed aleurone produced an earlier peak than aleurone bread.
Randomized food intervention. Blood betaine increased and homocysteine fell modestly; LDL cholesterol also decreased.
Crossover food intervention. Whole grains increased blood betaine. Total and LDL cholesterol showed nonsignificant trends, and homocysteine did not change.
Dietary-questionnaire validation. The questionnaire identified dietary patterns potentially useful for assessing TMAO-related food exposure.
Dietary survey. Average estimated betaine intake was about 178 mg/day, largely from cereal products and selected root vegetables.
Population dietary survey. Estimated betaine intake and leading food sources differed from Western populations, with leafy vegetables and wheat products contributing substantially.
Original sources: PubMed
Dietary database and cohort intake analysis. Estimated choline and betaine intakes varied by sex and ethnic group; database matching made population-level intake analysis feasible.
Cross-sectional cohort analysis. High-fiber bread and several related nutrients predicted higher circulating betaine, whereas a Western dietary pattern predicted lower concentrations.
Longitudinal dietary survey. Choline intake increased over time, while betaine intake remained relatively stable. Major food sources changed with dietary patterns.
Cross-sectional cohort analysis. Higher combined intake was associated with lower homocysteine, particularly when folate intake was low.
Cross-sectional cohort analysis. Higher intake was associated with lower homocysteine mainly at lower folate/B12 status; the association was absent after fortification.
Dietary reliability study. Dietary measurement reliability was moderate and error was substantial, including for combined choline-plus-betaine intake.
Randomized controlled trial. Choline supplementation increased circulating choline and betaine without changing lipids. The homocysteine comparison was only a nonsignificant trend.
Randomized crossover controlled trial. Fasting and methionine-load homocysteine were lower during high-dose phosphatidylcholine supplementation.
Randomized crossover controlled trial. All forms raised betaine; absorption timing differed. Water-soluble choline forms increased TMAO more rapidly than egg phosphatidylcholine.
Randomized isotope-labelled crossover trial. Choline forms produced different timing and metabolite patterns; phosphatidylcholine generated little labelled TMAO in this experiment.
Human precursor-challenge pilot. Choline, carnitine and TMAO increased urinary trimethylamine-related products, while betaine did not produce a significant increase in this experiment.
Secondary analysis of an infant nutrition RCT. Blood choline and betaine tracked enteral choline intake; supplied choline did not reproduce fetal-like concentrations.
Randomized crossover controlled trial. Whole eggs increased plasma choline and betaine without a significant TMAO or overall microbiome change.
Randomized crossover controlled trial. The aleurone diet raised plasma betaine and lowered an oxidative-stress marker but did not improve glucose, insulin, triglycerides or homocysteine.
Randomized controlled trial. Some microbiome and metabolite measures changed, but homocysteine and conventional cardiovascular biomarkers did not improve.
Systematic bibliometric review. The analysis mapped research on ruminant metabolism, infant nutrition and proposed adult-health applications.
Randomized crossover controlled trial. Proline betaine exposure increased its blood and urine concentrations but had little effect on homocysteine.
Randomized intestinal perfusion experiment. Betaine was absorbed, but adding it did not improve water or solute absorption.
Controlled metabolic feeding study. Oral tracer estimates suggested changes in methionine methylation and oxidation, while intravenous tracer estimates did not show the same effect.
Randomized acute challenge. Nicotinamide produced larger homocysteine and methylated-metabolite increases and a larger betaine decrease than nicotinic acid.
RCT secondary analysis. Folic acid raised betaine and reduced dimethylglycine; creatine did not produce the same changes.
RCT secondary analysis. Lower baseline betaine was associated with a larger arsenic-methylation response to folic acid.
Analytical validation and food-composition study. The method quantified betaine in foods and plasma; whole-grain wheat and rye products were notable food sources.
Case report. Extremely high methionine accompanied severe cerebral edema without thrombosis.
Case report. The child developed cerebral edema and recovered after emergency treatment and withdrawal of betaine.
Double-blind controlled crossover study. Betaine lowered homocystine, but vertebral bone density did not significantly improve.
Clinical case series. Adding betaine lowered total homocysteine without a significant change in mean methionine in these patients.
Indexed clinical report; abstract unavailable. The indexed record verifies the publication and citation, but supplies no abstract. A quantitative effect or complete treatment result is not established from this record alone.
Longitudinal case series. Homocysteine lowering was more limited when methionine remained high, despite adequate circulating betaine.
Design tiers organize different kinds of evidence; read the source-specific limitations before applying a result. The full library is curated by Biohack Blueprint. Each evidence record lists its editorial author and reviewers.
