Tier 4 — mechanistic

Trends in dietary choline and betaine intake among Chinese adults: the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991-2011

Peiyan Chen, Shangling Wu, Peishan Tan, Yi Sui, Jialin Lu, Tianyou Peng, Wenting Wang, Wei Lu, Huilian Zhu, Keji Li, Aiping Fang
The British journal of nutrition 2025 133(1):84-93

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 39494738
DOI
10.1017/S0007114524002691
Funding
Indexed grant support: R01 HD030880 — NICHD NIH HHS — United States; P30 DK056350 — NIDDK NIH HHS — United States; R24 HD050924 — NICHD NIH HHS — United States; R01 HD038700 — NICHD NIH HHS — United States. The indexed list may not contain the complete funding declaration.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declared none.

Study snapshot

DesignLongitudinal dietary survey
ModelHuman participants
Sample23467 Chinese adults across survey waves
InterventionRepeated food recalls and household inventories
Duration1991-2011
EndpointsDietary trends; Betaine intake; Food sources

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2025, this source examined food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism. It examined Repeated food recalls and household inventories. The source describes 23467 Chinese adults across survey waves.

Choline intake increased over time, while betaine intake remained relatively stable. Major food sources changed with dietary patterns.

Population intake trends do not test supplement benefits; food tables and recalls introduce measurement uncertainty.

Continue with TMG Data Center

Continue with Foods High in Betaine: TMG Amounts and Practical Portions

Key findings

  • Choline intake increased over time, while betaine intake remained relatively stable.
  • Major food sources changed with dietary patterns.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Dietary trends; Betaine intake; Food sources.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Population intake trends do not test supplement benefits; food tables and recalls introduce measurement uncertainty.
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Editorial review

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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology