Tier 4 — mechanistic

Assessing Choline, Carnitine, and Betaine Intake and Their Effects on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels: Validation of a Dietary Questionnaire in a Central European Population

Witold Streb, Anna Olma, Mateusz Pajor, Alex Suchodolski, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Anita Stanjek-Cichoracka, Katarzyna Mitręga, Jacek Kowalczyk, Zbigniew Kalarus
Nutrients 2025 17(14):2263

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 40732888
PubMed Central
PMC12300400
DOI
10.3390/nu17142263
Funding
Reported funding/support: Medical University of SilesiaPCN-1-1690/N/2/KThis research was funded by the Medical University of Silesia, grant number PCN-1-1690/N/2/K.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Study snapshot

DesignDietary-questionnaire validation
ModelHuman participants
Sample94 participants; 10 underwent repeat questionnaire testing
InterventionEstimated intake of choline, carnitine and betaine-rich foods
DurationProspective validation with a short repeat assessment
EndpointsDietary assessment; TMAO-related food patterns

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2025, this source examined food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism. It examined Estimated intake of choline, carnitine and betaine-rich foods. The source describes 94 participants; 10 underwent repeat questionnaire testing.

The questionnaire identified dietary patterns potentially useful for assessing TMAO-related food exposure.

A measurement-tool study, not proof that betaine-rich foods or supplements cause cardiovascular harm.

Continue with TMG Data Center

Continue with Foods High in Betaine: TMG Amounts and Practical Portions

Key findings

  • The questionnaire identified dietary patterns potentially useful for assessing TMAO-related food exposure.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Dietary assessment; TMAO-related food patterns.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • A measurement-tool study, not proof that betaine-rich foods or supplements cause cardiovascular harm.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology