Tier 4 — mechanistic

Estimation of usual intake and food sources of choline and betaine in New Zealand reproductive age women

Vanessa L Mygind, Sophie E Evans, Meredith C Peddie, Jody C Miller, Lisa A Houghton
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 2013 22(2):319-324

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 23635379
DOI
10.6133/apjcn.2013.22.2.19
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration was not available in the indexed record or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignDietary survey
ModelHuman participants
Sample125 New Zealand women aged 18-40
InterventionThree-day weighed food records
DurationUsual-intake estimation
EndpointsBetaine intake; Food sources

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2013, this source examined food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism. It examined Three-day weighed food records. The source describes 125 New Zealand women aged 18-40.

Average estimated betaine intake was about 178 mg/day, largely from cereal products and selected root vegetables.

A small regional survey; dietary estimates do not define a therapeutic dose or demonstrate benefit.

Continue with TMG Data Center

Continue with Foods High in Betaine: TMG Amounts and Practical Portions

Key findings

  • Average estimated betaine intake was about 178 mg/day, largely from cereal products and selected root vegetables.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Betaine intake; Food sources.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • A small regional survey; dietary estimates do not define a therapeutic dose or demonstrate benefit.
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet--analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated assessments of betaine intake
Alastair B Ross et al. · Food chemistry · 2014
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Choline and betaine concentrations in plasma discriminate levels of dietary choline intake in healthy adults: analysis of a double-blind randomized crossover controlled feeding study
Isis Trujillo-Gonzalez et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
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Dietary Sources of Glycine Betaine and Proline Betaine in Plant Foods and Their Potential Biological Relevance in Human Nutrition
Bruna Laratta et al. · Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
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Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods
Steven H Zeisel et al. · The Journal of nutrition · 2003

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology