Tier 3 — preclinical

Important bioactives carnitine and betaine in milk and dairy products: a systematic review based on text mining and topic analysis

Lucia Trapanese, Angela Salzano, Nunzio Antonio Cacciola, Gianluca Neglia, Giovanna Bifulco, Marialuisa Balestrieri, Michael J D Occhio, Giuseppe Campanile
Food science of animal resources 2026 46(1):108

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 42821148
PubMed Central
PMC13631165
DOI
10.1007/s44463-026-00112-6
Funding
Reported funding/support: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003407Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca2022KH87XSSalzanoAngela Ministero dello Sviluppo EconomicoF/310110/04/X56CampanileGiuseppe
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Study snapshot

DesignSystematic bibliometric review
ModelBibliometric review of human and animal nutrition
Sample179 selected publications from 1965 retrieved records
InterventionCarnitine and betaine research in milk and dairy
DurationSearch literature from 1970 through 2024
EndpointsResearch themes; Dairy composition; Nutrition context

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2026, this source examined food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism. Design: Systematic bibliometric review. Sample/model: 179 selected publications from 1965 retrieved records. The exposure or intervention was Carnitine and betaine research in milk and dairy. Follow-up or treatment period: Search literature from 1970 through 2024.

The analysis mapped research on ruminant metabolism, infant nutrition and proposed adult-health applications.

Text-mining and topic frequency do not establish clinical efficacy; animal dairy-production studies are mixed with human nutrition literature.

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Continue with Foods High in Betaine: TMG Amounts and Practical Portions

Key findings

  • The analysis mapped research on ruminant metabolism, infant nutrition and proposed adult-health applications.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Research themes; Dairy composition; Nutrition context.
  • The result applies to the tested exposure: Carnitine and betaine research in milk and dairy; Search literature from 1970 through 2024.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Text-mining and topic frequency do not establish clinical efficacy; animal dairy-production studies are mixed with human nutrition literature.
  • Cell concentrations, species, disease models and experimental routes cannot be converted directly into an effective or safe oral human regimen.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria
Bernd C Schwahn et al. · British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2003
Tier 4
Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet--analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated assessments of betaine intake
Alastair B Ross et al. · Food chemistry · 2014
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Choline and betaine concentrations in plasma discriminate levels of dietary choline intake in healthy adults: analysis of a double-blind randomized crossover controlled feeding study
Isis Trujillo-Gonzalez et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
Tier 4
Dietary Sources of Glycine Betaine and Proline Betaine in Plant Foods and Their Potential Biological Relevance in Human Nutrition
Bruna Laratta et al. · Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Tier 4
Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods
Steven H Zeisel et al. · The Journal of nutrition · 2003

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology