Tier 2 — strong

Effects of orange juice and proline betaine on glycine betaine and homocysteine in healthy male subjects

Wendy Atkinson, Pamela Downer, Michael Lever, Stephen T Chambers, Peter M George
European journal of nutrition 2007 46(8):446-452

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 18060588
DOI
10.1007/s00394-007-0684-5
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration was not available in the indexed record or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignRandomized crossover controlled trial
ModelHuman participants
Sample8 healthy men
InterventionOrange juice or proline betaine 545 mg versus apple juice control
DurationAcute sampling through 24 hours
EndpointsProline versus glycine betaine; Homocysteine

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2007, this source examined food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism. Design: Randomized crossover controlled trial. Sample/model: 8 healthy men. The exposure or intervention was Orange juice or proline betaine 545 mg versus apple juice control. Follow-up or treatment period: Acute sampling through 24 hours.

Proline betaine exposure increased its blood and urine concentrations but had little effect on homocysteine.

Proline betaine is a different compound from glycine betaine/TMG; this paper is included to clarify that distinction.

Continue with TMG Data Center

Continue with Foods High in Betaine: TMG Amounts and Practical Portions

Key findings

  • Proline betaine exposure increased its blood and urine concentrations but had little effect on homocysteine.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Proline versus glycine betaine; Homocysteine.
  • The result applies to the tested exposure: Orange juice or proline betaine 545 mg versus apple juice control; Acute sampling through 24 hours.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Proline betaine is a different compound from glycine betaine/TMG; this paper is included to clarify that distinction.
  • An individual controlled trial must be interpreted alongside its comparator, sample size, endpoint selection and independent replication. It does not validate a different commercial formulation or a general longevity claim.
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Alastair B Ross et al. · Food chemistry · 2014
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Choline and betaine concentrations in plasma discriminate levels of dietary choline intake in healthy adults: analysis of a double-blind randomized crossover controlled feeding study
Isis Trujillo-Gonzalez et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
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Dietary Sources of Glycine Betaine and Proline Betaine in Plant Foods and Their Potential Biological Relevance in Human Nutrition
Bruna Laratta et al. · Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
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Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods
Steven H Zeisel et al. · The Journal of nutrition · 2003

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology