Product Review

DoNotAge Pure TMG Review

5/5 Editorial scoreOur preferred TMG capsule

Our choice: DoNotAge Pure TMG, 5/5. Choose it for a simple capsule format and clear 500 mg units. The listed daily serving is 1,000 mg, so a 60-capsule bottle lasts...

Trimethylglycine (betaine anhydrous)

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By Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBCh

Reviewed by Dr. Amr Yasser, PhD, Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhD

· 16 min read

How we scored it

Our editorial recommendation uses a 1–5 scale. We consider the formulation, label clarity, manufacturer quality disclosures, practical use and value for the intended reader. The published rating is an overall editorial judgment; these factors are not separately measured or weighted.

5/5 means a top editorial recommendation for the stated use case. It does not establish clinical effectiveness or mean that we performed laboratory testing. Research strength and safety limitations are assessed separately in this review.

5/5 editorial rating for a clearly labeled single-active TMG capsule, practical 500 mg units, a vegan shell and pack choice. Based on label and research review; not a customer average or clinical-outcome score.

Read the review summary

A straightforward betaine anhydrous capsule with 500 mg per unit, a two-capsule daily serving and a choice of smaller or larger packs. Here is how the formula, research, price and practical use fit together.

Our choice: DoNotAge Pure TMG, 5/5. Choose it for a simple capsule format and clear 500 mg units. The listed daily serving is 1,000 mg, so a 60-capsule bottle lasts 30 days and a 366-capsule bottle lasts 183 days at that serving.

Read the complete 415-publication TMG research collection for human trials, reviews, observational findings, safety assessments and experimental studies. The collection is not 415 trials of this retail product.

Evidence for an ingredient does not establish the effects of this finished product. See the evidence section for study design, dose and limitations.

DoNotAge Pure TMG 366-capsule bottle, supplied product image. View image

DoNotAge Pure TMG 366-capsule bottle, supplied product image.

Read the full editorial assessment

Our editorial rating is 5/5 for the capsule offering: a single active ingredient, clearly declared 500 mg units, a plant-based shell, 60/366-capsule pack choices and straightforward serving arithmetic. It is our preferred plain TMG capsule for adults who have a suitable reason to use betaine anhydrous.

This is a label and research review. It does not claim that Pure TMG has been proven to reverse aging, treat liver disease or make NMN mandatory. The score describes our product preference; evidence for individual health outcomes is assessed below.

Formulation strengths and limitations

What stands out

  • Single-active betaine anhydrous formula with 500 mg declared per capsule.
  • Plant-based hypromellose capsule, according to the manufacturer.
  • 60- and 366-capsule one-time pack choices.
  • Manufacturer states in-house and third-party testing, with certificates available on request.

Things to know first

  • The 1,000 mg listed daily serving is two capsules; pack duration should be calculated at that amount.
  • Ingredient research does not establish that everyone needs TMG or a fixed NMN-to-TMG ratio.

Key takeaways

  • Our 5/5 rating concerns formula, label clarity and capsule convenience, assessed separately from clinical efficacy.
  • Each capsule contains 500 mg; the product page lists 1,000 mg as the daily serving.
  • A 60-capsule pack provides 30 two-capsule servings, while 366 capsules provide 183.
  • The clearest human ingredient evidence concerns homocysteine; exercise findings vary and human anti-aging benefits remain unproven.
  • BB10 offers 10% off eligible DoNotAge purchases; verify the final price, shipping and purchase option at checkout.
500 mg TMG per capsule Plant-based capsule Single active ingredient 60 or 366 capsules

Formulation

Key facts & composition

Active ingredient Trimethylglycine (betaine anhydrous) TMG and glycine betaine are names for the same compound.
Per capsule 500 mg TMG A single capsule contains 0.5 g.
Listed daily serving 1,000 mg: two capsules The current product-page serving is used for our pack-duration arithmetic; follow the label supplied with your order.
Capsule and other ingredients Hypromellose vegetable cellulose Manufacturer describes TMG inside a vegan capsule without additional active ingredients.
One-time pack choices 60 or 366 capsules 30 or 183 days at two capsules daily.
US displayed one-time prices US$20 / US$95 60 / 366 capsules; checked 18 October 2026 before shipping, tax and discounts.
UK displayed one-time prices £16 / £76 60 / 366 capsules; regional checkout terms apply.
Canadian displayed one-time prices CA$29 / CA$136 60 / 366 capsules; confirm delivery, taxes and final checkout terms for your address.
Testing information Certificates available on request, per manufacturer Ask for the current TMG lot document. We did not independently assay the retail lot.

Composition

Ingredient Amount Form Source
Trimethylglycine 1,000 mg per two-capsule daily serving Betaine anhydrous DoNotAge current product page and supplied label information

500 mg per capsule. The manufacturer identifies a hypromellose vegetable-cellulose shell and describes no other active ingredients. Betaine HCl is a different formulation and is not the basis of this review.

Who this is for

Good fit if you're...

You prefer a plain, measured capsule

The declared 500 mg unit and single-active formula make the amount straightforward to count.

You want smaller and larger pack choices

The 60- and 366-capsule options allow a choice of purchase size; calculate duration at your actual serving.

You have a defined, appropriate reason to consider TMG

You understand the ingredient evidence and have checked suitability for your situation.

Probably not for you if...

You want a proven liver, weight-loss or anti-aging treatment

Those clinical benefits are not established for this retail product.

You plan to replace prescription metabolic treatment

Inherited disorders require the prescribed formulation, monitoring and specialist care.

You assume NMN or a common genetic variant makes TMG compulsory

Neither establishes a universal need or a validated personal dose.

How it works

TMG has two widely discussed biological roles: methyl-group donation and cellular osmotic functions. Understanding the mechanism helps set a research question; it does not establish that an extra supplement benefits every person.

1

The BHMT methyl-donor pathway

In liver and kidney tissue, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase can use betaine to help remethylate homocysteine to methionine. Betaine becomes dimethylglycine. This is a different route from folate- and B12-dependent remethylation.

Explore TMG, methylation and MTHFR.

BHMT uses betaine and homocysteine to form dimethylglycine and methionine; clinical outcomes require separate evidence
2

Osmotic functions and exercise hypotheses

Betaine acts as an osmolyte and has been investigated in training and heat-stress settings. The existence of the mechanism does not mean every strength, hydration or endurance test improves. The relevant evidence is the measured human outcome.

Compare the exercise studies.

Conceptual betaine osmolytes within a cell, beside a distinction between biological function and mixed human exercise or hydration outcomes
3

Why TMG is paired with NMN

The proposed link concerns methyl groups used in nicotinamide metabolism. It is a plausible rationale, but does not establish a universal requirement to add TMG, swallow the ingredients together or use a 1:1 ratio.

Read the NMN and TMG evidence guide.

NMN to NAD+ to nicotinamide pathway, with a separate TMG remethylation note and no validated universal dose ratio

Research & evidence

21 cited sources · TMG (trimethylglycine) Data Center

The evidence

Sources include research papers and other cited records, such as registered trials. A trial registration is not a published result.

The research below concerns the ingredient and specified study formulations. We did not identify a published trial proving that the current Pure TMG retail capsule outperforms equivalent betaine anhydrous products. We assess the product’s formula and convenience separately from the certainty of each health claim.

The broader 415-publication Data Center includes supporting, null and unfavorable results, companion reports, observational associations and animal experiments. The selected papers in this review are the ones relevant to the claims being assessed.

B Human trials demonstrate a homocysteine-lowering effect Tier 1

Controlled trials support a biomarker effect in defined populations. The amount and duration matter; this does not establish fewer heart attacks or strokes. Some higher-dose studies also report lipid increases.

Margreet R Olthof et al. 2003 , Gery R Steenge et al. 2003 , Damoon Ashtary-Larky et al. 2022 , Margreet R Olthof et al. 2005

C Some strength outcomes favor betaine, with mixed results overall Tier 1

A 2024 synthesis favored maximal strength, while several other performance outcomes did not clearly improve. Small training trials include both favorable and null findings. A daily study protocol does not establish an immediate pre-workout effect.

Emilia Zawieja et al. 2024 , Jason M Cholewa et al. 2013 , Jason Michael Cholewa et al. 2018 , Tatiana Moro et al. 2020

C Body-composition results are inconsistent Tier 1

An earlier meta-analysis reported favorable fat-mass findings, but a later synthesis found no overall body-composition benefit. This product should not be selected on a promise of reliable weight loss.

Xiang Gao et al. 2019 , Damoon Ashtary-Larky et al. 2022 , Ursula Schwab et al. 2002

D Liver-treatment benefits remain unestablished Tier 1

The corrected conclusion of the placebo-controlled NASH trial did not establish improved steatosis versus placebo. Newer pilot enzyme findings are exploratory and do not establish a treatment effect.

Manal F Abdelmalek et al. 2009 , Andrew S Lim et al. 2026

D Healthy-aging mechanisms are an active research area Tier 3

The prominent exercise-and-betaine geroprotection study profiled humans during exercise but tested direct betaine aging interventions in mice. It does not demonstrate age reversal from a TMG capsule in humans.

Lingling Geng et al. 2025

Label, formulation, displayed regional prices and published research assessed on 18 October 2026. This is an editorial label-and-evidence assessment. We did not conduct a personal-use trial, independently assay a retail lot or verify a current finished-product certificate of analysis. Manufacturer testing statements are identified as such.

Comparison

How it compares

DoNotAge Pure TMGLife Extension TMG NOW TMG Betaine
Amount per unit 500 mg per capsule 500 mg per capsule 1,000 mg per tablet
Selected pack choices 60 or 366 capsules 60 liquid vegetarian capsules 100 tablets
Formula format TMG in a plant-based shell, per manufacturer TMG with glycerin, cellulose and water TMG tablet with listed excipients
US one-time price snapshot US$20/60; US$95/366 US$10.13/60 US$27.99/100
Pack duration at 1 g/day 30 or 183 days 30 days 100 days as equal-gram arithmetic
Why we choose this capsule Straightforward 500 mg units, plant-based shell and two pack sizes Another 500 mg capsule format Larger fixed tablet unit

Clinical pharmacology

Research amounts, product servings and prescription regimens answer different questions. One gram equals 1,000 mg. Two 500 mg Pure TMG capsules supply the product page’s listed 1 g daily serving.

The study amounts below describe the tested population, duration and outcome. A commonly studied amount is not a guaranteed effective dose, and a retail serving is not interchangeable with a specialist prescription. Count any betaine anhydrous in other powders or complexes before comparing the total exposure.

Dose tiers

TierDoseFrequencyDurationNotes
Manufacturer daily serving 1,000 mg/day: two 500 mg capsules Daily, according to product directions Follow the current product label and individual suitability

At this amount, 60 capsules last 30 days and 366 capsules last 183 days. A 366-capsule bottle is a year’s supply only at one capsule daily.
Exercise-research context Several trials used 2.5 g/day Often six to eight weeks in the cited training studies

This equals five 500 mg capsules as arithmetic only. The results are mixed, and a research amount is not an instruction to exceed the label.
Homocysteine-research context 1.5, 3 or 6 g/day in a six-week dose-response trial Six weeks in that experiment

These exposures apply to the trial question and population. Evaluate underlying causes of elevated homocysteine, relevant lipids and any other treatment rather than copying the largest amount.

From bench to bedside

PathwayPreclinical findingHuman translationConfidence
Exercise-associated betaine and TBK1-related geroprotection Direct betaine experiments improved selected aging-related measures in mice and laboratory models. The human component profiled exercise responses. A clinical TMG anti-aging benefit was not established. Experimental mechanism; human intervention outcome unproven
Methyl-group metabolism and liver pathways Animal and laboratory studies investigate lipid handling, oxidative stress and related pathways. Human liver studies remain mixed or preliminary; the corrected controlled trial does not establish disease treatment. Plausible mechanism with limited clinical translation

Drug interactions

Individual assessment

Prescription medicines and multi-supplement regimens

Specific clinical interaction data are limited; an absence of a listed interaction is not proof that every regimen is appropriate.

Recommendation:

Ask the clinician or pharmacist reviewing your complete regimen about the actual product, amount and reason for use. Do not invent a universal medicine-spacing rule.

Specialist-managed

Specialist treatment for inherited homocysteine disorders

Betaine treatment can alter methionine. Susceptible inherited disorders require diagnosis-specific monitoring.

Recommendation:

Do not replace prescribed betaine, dietary treatment or laboratory monitoring with a retail supplement. Follow the metabolic specialist’s plan.

Bioavailability tips

Take with water according to the label. The manufacturer FAQ permits use with or without food; a meal can be a practical tolerance choice. A superior clock time or required fasting window has not been established.

Keep the bottle closed in a cool, dry place away from heat and direct sunlight. Refrigeration is not required by the manufacturer. For powders or other formats, use their own storage and measurement instructions.

Special populations

PopulationRecommendationRationale
People managing high LDL or triglycerides Discuss suitability and any monitoring before larger or sustained exposures.

Some gram-level controlled studies report lipid increases even while homocysteine falls. The overall risk profile matters.
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children and adolescents Routine wellness use needs individual professional advice.

The adult product directions and short supplement trials do not establish safety or an appropriate pediatric or pregnancy regimen. Specialist disease treatment is a separate decision.
Kidney disease, liver disease or inherited metabolic disorders Use a diagnosis-specific clinical plan.

Medical conditions can alter the significance of metabolites, the suitability of a regimen and the monitoring required. TMG is not an established self-treatment for liver disease.

Therapeutic positioning

Pure TMG is our preferred plain capsule when an adult has a suitable reason to use betaine anhydrous. We value the single active ingredient, transparent 500 mg units, plant-based shell and choice of a smaller or larger pack.

At the displayed US one-time prices checked on 18 October 2026, the 60-capsule pack contains 30 g for $20 (about $0.67/g); the 366-capsule pack contains 183 g for $95 (about $0.52/g). At the product page’s two-capsule daily serving, those packs last 30 and 183 days. Shipping, taxes, discounts and subscription terms change the final cost.

The larger pack reduces ingredient cost per gram; the smaller pack reduces the initial purchase. A bulk powder can cost less per gram if accurate weighing and handling suit you. These format/value choices do not establish superior clinical efficacy for one brand.

Choose the formula only after deciding whether TMG has a suitable purpose. It does not replace a varied diet, indicated medical treatment or treatment of a confirmed nutrient deficiency.

Dietary betaine and choline-containing foods

Food and nutritional context Consider the whole diet

Food supplies betaine alongside other nutrients, and the body can make betaine from choline. A capsule provides a declared amount but does not replace the broader diet or all roles of choline.

Betaine hydrochloride

Different formulation Match the intended form

HCl research often concerns gastric acidity and drug absorption. It is excluded from like-for-like anhydrous TMG comparisons and should not be substituted automatically.

Prescription betaine and deficiency treatment

Medical care Follow the clinical plan

Prescribed betaine for inherited disorders and treatment of B12 or folate deficiency address different clinical needs. A wellness capsule does not replace their diagnosis, dosing or monitoring.

For training and metabolic goals, judge the supplement’s additional effect against consistent training, adequate nutrition and appropriate medical care. A biomarker change should not be substituted for the outcome you actually want.

This is an educational product review, not an individualized treatment plan. Do not use the product to replace prescribed medicines or specialist care, or to self-treat liver disease, hypertension or an inherited metabolic disorder.

Reader-exclusive

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  • 60 capsules: 30 days; 366 capsules: 183 days at 1 g/day
  • Annual subscription quantities depend on the selected daily amount. The 1 g/day option describes two 366-capsule containers; one 366-capsule bottle lasts 183 days at two capsules daily. Confirm renewal and discount terms before ordering.
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Reader questions

How much TMG is in each capsule?

500 mg, which is 0.5 g. The manufacturer’s product page lists a 1,000 mg daily serving, so that serving consists of two capsules. Follow the current label supplied with your order.

How long does a 60- or 366-capsule bottle last?

At two capsules daily, 60 capsules last 30 days and 366 capsules last 183 days. At one capsule daily, they last 60 and 366 days. The 1 g/day annual subscription describes two larger bottles.

Why is the review rated 5/5?

The editorial score reflects our preference for the single-active formula, clear 500 mg units, vegan shell, practical serving and pack choices. It is a label and research assessment, not a customer average, personal-use trial or clinical efficacy score.

Was this exact retail product tested in all the research papers?

No. The Data Center contains research on betaine and related questions across different formulations and populations. The cited ingredient studies do not establish superior outcomes for the current retail capsule.

Do I need TMG if I use NMN?

A universal need and a validated 1:1 ratio have not been established. The pairing has a biochemical rationale, but each product should have a suitable reason for use.

What testing documents can I request?

DoNotAge states that certificates of analysis are available on request. Ask for the current TMG lot, the testing laboratory and the results relevant to identity, potency and contamination. We did not independently assay the retail lot.

How does BB10 work?

Enter BB10 at the DoNotAge checkout for 10% off eligible orders. Confirm the displayed discount, purchase-option terms, shipping and any stacking restrictions before paying.

Can I take it with food?

The manufacturer FAQ permits use with or without food. A meal can be convenient if it improves tolerance. No universally superior clock time has been established.

Is it vegan?

The manufacturer describes the product as vegan and identifies a hypromellose vegetable-cellulose capsule. Check the current label for the product shipped to your market.

Is it a fatty-liver or weight-loss treatment?

Those clinical uses are not established for this product. Read the separate liver and body-composition guides for the human evidence and its limits.

Editorial credibility

Portrait of Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, ICU physician and founder of Biohack Blueprint

Author

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBCh

MBBCh

Critical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction

Portrait of Dr. Amr Yasser, cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal reviewer for Biohack Blueprint

Reviewer

Dr. Amr Yasser, PhD

MBBCh, PhD, General Surgery, Cardiometabolic Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research

Cardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability

Portrait of Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, neuroscience reviewer for Biohack Blueprint

Reviewer

Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhD

MBBCh, PhD, Neuroscience, Neurosurgery

Cellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology

5/5 editorial rating for a clearly labeled single-active TMG capsule, practical 500 mg units, a vegan shell and pack choice. Based on label and research review; not a customer average or clinical-outcome score.

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Related reading

TMG Supplement: Benefits, Dosage, Safety and Research

TMG Dosage Guide: Study Doses and Capsule Calculations

TMG Side Effects: Cholesterol, Digestion and Safety

Best Time to Take TMG: Morning, Night or With Food?

TMG and NMN: Do You Need Both, and What Ratio?

TMG for Homocysteine: Dose, Results and Limitations

Betaine Anhydrous vs Betaine HCl: Which Form Is TMG?

TMG vs Glycine: Benefits, Sleep, Methylation and DMG

Betaine Anhydrous Pre-Workout: Benefits, Dose and Evidence

Best TMG Supplements: Capsules, Tablets and Powder Compared

Foods High in Betaine (TMG): Amounts and Real Portions

Does TMG Lower Blood Pressure? Human Research Explained

TMG for Liver Health: Fatty Liver Trials and What They Show

TMG and MTHFR: Methylation, Folate and B12 Explained

TMG for Weight Loss: Fat Mass, Body Weight and the Evidence
  1. Low dose betaine supplementation leads to immediate and long term lowering of plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women Margreet R Olthof, Trinette van Vliet, Esther Boelsma, Petra Verhoef (2003) . The Journal of nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  2. Betaine supplementation lowers plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women Gery R Steenge, Petra Verhoef, Martijn B Katan (2003) . The Journal of nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  3. Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: A systematic review and Meta-analysis Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Reza Bagheri, Matin Ghanavati, Omid Asbaghi, Grant M Tinsley, Delsa Mombaini, Wesam Kooti, Sara Kashkooli, Alexei Wong (2022) . Critical reviews in food science and nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  4. Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans Margreet R Olthof, Trinette van Vliet, Petra Verhoef, Peter L Zock, Martijn B Katan (2005) . PLoS medicine Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  5. Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis Emilia Zawieja, Steven Machek, Nelo Eidy Zanchi, Jason Cholewa, Małgorzata Woźniewicz (2024) . Journal of sports sciences Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  6. Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone Jason M Cholewa, Monika Wyszczelska-Rokiel, Rafal Glowacki, Hieronim Jakubowski, Tracey Matthews, Richard Wood, Stuart As Craig, Vincent Paolone (2013) . Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  7. The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on body composition and performance in collegiate females: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial Jason Michael Cholewa, Andrea Hudson, Taylor Cicholski, Amanda Cervenka, Karley Barreno, Kayla Broom, McKenzie Barch, Stuart A S Craig (2018) . Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  8. Betaine Supplementation Does Not Improve Muscle Hypertrophy or Strength Following 6 Weeks of Cross-Fit Training Tatiana Moro, Francesca Badiali, Iader Fabbri, Antonio Paoli (2020) . Nutrients Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  9. Effect of Betaine on Reducing Body Fat-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Xiang Gao, Huijun Zhang, Xiao-Fei Guo, Kelei Li, Shan Li, Duo Li (2019) . Nutrients Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  10. Betaine supplementation fails to improve body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Reza Bagheri, Grant M Tinsley, Omid Asbaghi, Sara Salehpour, Sara Kashkooli, Wesam Kooti, Alexei Wong (2022) . The British journal of nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  11. Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects Ursula Schwab, Anneli Törrönen, Leena Toppinen, Georg Alfthan, Markku Saarinen, Antti Aro, Matti Uusitupa (2002) . The American journal of clinical nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  12. Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial Manal F Abdelmalek, Schuyler O Sanderson, Paul Angulo, Consuelo Soldevila-Pico, Chen Liu, Joy Peter, Jill Keach, Matt Cave, Theresa Chen, Craig J McClain, Keith D Lindor (2009) . Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  13. Pilot trials of oral betaine in participants with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and elevated alanine aminotransferase Andrew S Lim, Sheena N Cruz, Aliya Asghar Uddin, Olga Malysheva, Marie A Caudill, Cristina Alonso, Alejandro Montilla, Morten A Karsdal, Diana Julie Leeming, Alejandro E Mayorca-Guiliani, Frederik Høbjerg Svejsø, Craig J McClain, Timothy R Morgan (2026) . Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  14. Systematic profiling reveals betaine as an exercise mimetic for geroprotection Lingling Geng, Jiale Ping, Ruochen Wu, Haoteng Yan, Hui Zhang, Yuan Zhuang, Taixin Ning, Jun Wang, Chuqian Liang, Jiachen Zhang, Qingqing Chu, Jing Zhang, Yifan Wen, Yaobin Jing, Shuhui Sun, Qin Qiao, Qian Zhao, Qianzhao Ji, Shuai Ma, Yusheng Cai, Yandong Zheng, Zhiran Zou, Zhiqing Diao, Mingheng Li, Hao Zhang, Jianli Hu, Liangzheng Fu, Wang Kang, Ruijun Bai, Hongkai Zhao, Sheng Zhang, Yingjie Ding, Jinghui Lei, Wei Wang, Yun Ji, Bo Gou, Guoqiang Sun, Jian Yin, Pengze Yan, Hao Li, Zehua Wang, Shikun Ma, Zunpeng Liu, Hezhen Shan, Qiaoran Wang, Tianling Cao, Shanshan Yang, Cui Wang, Ping Yang, Yanling Fan, Yanxia Ye, Jinghao Hu, Mengmeng Jiang, Ye Wang, Kan Liu, Yujing Li, Yuanxiang Li, Jingyi Li, Weimin Ci, Zi-Bing Jin, Xiaobing Fu, Xu Zhang, Guoguang Zhao, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Si Wang, Moshi Song, Weiqi Zhang, Jing Qu, Guang-Hui Liu (2025) . Cell Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  15. NR-SAFE: a randomized, double-blind safety trial of high dose nicotinamide riboside in Parkinson's disease Haakon Berven, Simon Kverneng, Erika Sheard, Mona Søgnen, Solveig Amdahl Af Geijerstam, Kristoffer Haugarvoll, Geir-Olve Skeie, Christian Dölle, Charalampos Tzoulis (2023) . Nature communications Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  16. Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria Bernd C Schwahn, Dieter Hafner, Thomas Hohlfeld, Nina Balkenhol, Maurice D Laryea, Udo Wendel (2003) . British journal of clinical pharmacology Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  17. Safety of betaine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (EFSA NDA Panel), Dominique Turck, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Stefaan De Henauw, Karen Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, John Kearney, Alexandre Maciuk, Inge Mangelsdorf, Harry J McArdle, Androniki Naska, Carmen Pelaez, Kristina Pentieva, Alfonso Siani, Frank Thies, Sophia Tsabouri, Marco Vinceti, Francesco Cubadda, Karl Heinz Engel, Thomas Frenzel, Marina Heinonen, Rosangela Marchelli, Monika Neuhäuser-Berthold, Annette Pöting, Morten Poulsen, Yolanda Sanz, Josef Rudolf Schlatter, Henk van Loveren, Emanuela Turla, Helle Katrine Knutsen (2019) . EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  18. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of betaine in CBS and cblC deficiencies: a cross-over randomized controlled trial Apolline Imbard, Artemis Toumazi, Sophie Magréault, Nuria Garcia-Segarra, Dimitri Schlemmer, Florentia Kaguelidou, Isabelle Perronneau, Jérémie Haignere, Hélène Ogier de Baulny, Alice Kuster, François Feillet, Corinne Alberti, Sophie Guilmin-Crépon, Jean-François Benoist, Manuel Schiff (2022) . Orphanet journal of rare diseases Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  19. Betaine in human nutrition Stuart A S Craig (2004) . The American journal of clinical nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
  20. Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in healthy adult participants: a meta-analysis Marc P McRae (2013) . Journal of chiropractic medicine Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed View on PMC DOI
  21. Decoding Betaine: A Critical Analysis of Therapeutic Potential Compared with Marketing Hype-A Narrative Review Grzegorz Nikrandt, Agata Chmurzynska (2024) . The Journal of nutrition Read on our Data CenterView on PubMed DOI
First published 18 Oct 2026 · Last verified 19 Oct 2026