Tier 4 — mechanistic

Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods

Steven H Zeisel, Mei-Heng Mar, Juliette C Howe, Joanne M Holden
The Journal of nutrition 2003 133(5):1302-1307

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 12730414
DOI
10.1093/jn/133.5.1302
Funding
Indexed grant support: DK55865 — NIDDK NIH HHS — United States; DK56350 — NIDDK NIH HHS — United States; ES10126 — NIEHS NIH HHS — United States; Y1-HV-8116-14 — NHLBI NIH HHS — United States. The indexed list may not contain the complete funding declaration.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration was not available in the indexed record or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignFood-composition analysis
ModelFood, milk or laboratory samples
Sample145 common foods
InterventionLaboratory quantification of choline compounds and betaine
DurationNot a supplementation study
EndpointsFood betaine content; Food choline content

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2003, this source examined food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism. It examined Laboratory quantification of choline compounds and betaine. The source describes 145 common foods.

Wheat bran, wheat germ and spinach were among the richest measured betaine sources. Food concentrations varied widely.

Composition depends on food type and preparation; concentrations do not establish a clinical benefit or an optimal supplement dose. PubMed lists an erratum in Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(9):2918-2919. Use corrected food-composition tables when applying numerical nutrient values. Publication update

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Continue with Foods High in Betaine: TMG Amounts and Practical Portions

Key findings

  • Wheat bran, wheat germ and spinach were among the richest measured betaine sources.
  • Food concentrations varied widely.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Food betaine content; Food choline content.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Composition depends on food type and preparation; concentrations do not establish a clinical benefit or an optimal supplement dose. PubMed lists an erratum in Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(9):2918-2919. Use corrected food-composition tables when applying numerical nutrient values. Publication update
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology