Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: Declaration of interests J.C.I.B. is an employee of Altos Labs.
Study snapshot
Design
Experimental animal and/or laboratory research
Model
Human exercise profiling plus mouse and laboratory experiments
Sample
Experiment-specific biological replicates and model groups; see original methods
Intervention
Exercise exposure in humans; experimental betaine treatment in mice
Duration
Acute and repeated exercise profiling; animal regimens vary
Endpoints
Exercise profiling; Aging phenotypes; TBK1
What the study showed, in plain terms
Published in 2025, this source examined preclinical aging, brain and metabolic mechanisms. Design: Experimental animal and/or laboratory research. Sample/model: Experiment-specific biological replicates and model groups; see original methods. The exposure or intervention was Exercise exposure in humans; experimental betaine treatment in mice. Follow-up or treatment period: Acute and repeated exercise profiling; animal regimens vary.
Human exercise was associated with betaine-related metabolic changes. Direct betaine treatment improved selected aging-related measures in mice and implicated TBK1 inhibition.
Experimental model evidence. The intervention, concentrations and outcomes do not establish an effective human supplement dose or a clinical treatment benefit. Human participants underwent exercise profiling; direct betaine anti-aging intervention evidence came from mice and laboratory models. The 2025 correction updated labels, methods wording, mouse-group counts and supplementary material. The authors state that the results and conclusions were unchanged. This was not a human TMG anti-aging supplementation trial. Publication update
Human exercise was associated with betaine-related metabolic changes.
Direct betaine treatment improved selected aging-related measures in mice and implicated TBK1 inhibition.
The recorded outcome domains were Exercise profiling; Aging phenotypes; TBK1.
The result applies to the tested exposure: Exercise exposure in humans; experimental betaine treatment in mice; Acute and repeated exercise profiling; animal regimens vary.
What this study can and cannot tell us
Experimental model evidence. The intervention, concentrations and outcomes do not establish an effective human supplement dose or a clinical treatment benefit. Human participants underwent exercise profiling; direct betaine anti-aging intervention evidence came from mice and laboratory models. The 2025 correction updated labels, methods wording, mouse-group counts and supplementary material. The authors state that the results and conclusions were unchanged. This was not a human TMG anti-aging supplementation trial. Publication update
Cell concentrations, species, disease models and experimental routes cannot be converted directly into an effective or safe oral human regimen.
Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.
