Tier 4 — mechanistic

Dietary choline and betaine intake in relation to psychological disorders in adults

Shervin Kazeminejad, Zahra Moradmand, Farnaz Shahdadian, Zahra Hajhashemy, Parisa Rouhani, Parvane Saneei
The British journal of nutrition 2025 133(11):1431-1438

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 40538054
DOI
10.1017/S000711452510367X
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration was not available in the indexed record or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignCross-sectional study
ModelHuman participants
Sample533 middle-aged Iranian adults
InterventionHabitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment
DurationSingle dietary and symptom assessment
EndpointsDepression; Anxiety; Distress

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2025, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. Design: Cross-sectional study. Sample/model: 533 middle-aged Iranian adults. The exposure or intervention was Habitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment. Follow-up or treatment period: Single dietary and symptom assessment.

Betaine intake was not significantly related to depression, anxiety or psychological distress after adjustment.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.

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Key findings

  • Betaine intake was not significantly related to depression, anxiety or psychological distress after adjustment.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Depression; Anxiety; Distress.
  • The exposure was observed rather than assigned as an isolated supplement treatment.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.
  • Confounding, dietary patterns, illness, medication use and reverse causation can influence an association. Blood or dietary concentrations do not identify the effect of starting a capsule.
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Katie A Meyer et al. · Nutrients · 2017
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Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology