Tier 4 — mechanistic

Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Elham Sharifi-Zahabi, Sobhan Mohammadi, Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Nooshin Nasiri, Fatemeh Sadeghi, Amir Saber
Journal of diabetes research 2026 2026:9980163

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 41496893
PubMed Central
PMC12767234
DOI
10.1155/jdr/9980163
Funding
Reported funding/support: Student Research Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences 4040749 FundingThis study was supported by the Student Research Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (no.4040749).
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Study snapshot

DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of cohorts
ModelEvidence synthesis; mixed research models
SampleBetaine analysis: 3 studies and 65725 participants
InterventionDietary betaine intake
DurationSearch through September 2024
EndpointsType 2 diabetes incidence

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2026, this source examined safety assessments and evidence synthesis. Its evidence base was Betaine analysis: 3 studies and 65725 participants. It evaluated Dietary betaine intake across Search through September 2024.

Dietary betaine was not significantly associated with incident type 2 diabetes; pooled relative risk was about 0.99.

The certainty was rated very low, with few studies, heterogeneity and observational bias.

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Key findings

  • Dietary betaine was not significantly associated with incident type 2 diabetes; pooled relative risk was about 0.99.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Type 2 diabetes incidence.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • The certainty was rated very low, with few studies, heterogeneity and observational bias.
  • Observational human evidence synthesis. Pooling associations does not convert dietary intake or circulating biomarkers into a randomized effect of taking TMG.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Safety of betaine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97
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Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology