Tier 4 — mechanistic

Plasma Concentrations of Trimethylamine-N-Oxide, Choline, and Betaine in Patients With Moderate to Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Their Relation to Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes

Rima Obeid, Husain Awwad, Gunnar Henrik Heine, Insa E Emrich, Danilo Fliser, Adam M Zawada, Jürgen Geisel
Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation 2024 34(6):530-538

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 38621431
DOI
10.1053/j.jrn.2024.03.009
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration was not available in the indexed record or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignProspective CKD cohort
ModelHuman participants
Sample478 patients with CKD stages G2-G4
InterventionMeasured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment
DurationMean 5.1 years
EndpointsCardiovascular and renal outcomes

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2024, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. It examined Measured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment. The source describes 478 patients with CKD stages G2-G4.

Higher plasma betaine was associated with worse cardiovascular and renal outcomes after adjustment; kidney function also affected metabolite concentrations.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.

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Key findings

  • Higher plasma betaine was associated with worse cardiovascular and renal outcomes after adjustment; kidney function also affected metabolite concentrations.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Cardiovascular and renal outcomes.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Katie A Meyer et al. · Nutrients · 2017
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Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology