Tier 4 — mechanistic

Associations of dietary choline and betaine with all-cause mortality: a prospective study in a large Swedish cohort

Therese Karlsson, Anna Winkvist, Anna Strid, Bernt Lindahl, Ingegerd Johansson
European journal of nutrition 2024 63(3):785-796

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 38175250
PubMed Central
PMC10948568
DOI
10.1007/s00394-023-03300-y
Funding
Reported funding/support: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004359Vetenskapsrådet University of GothenburgOpen access funding provided by University of Gothenburg.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Study snapshot

DesignProspective cohort
ModelHuman participants
Sample102731 Swedish adults
InterventionHabitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment
DurationMedian 16 years
EndpointsAll-cause mortality; Sex differences

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2024, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. Design: Prospective cohort. Sample/model: 102731 Swedish adults. The exposure or intervention was Habitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment. Follow-up or treatment period: Median 16 years.

Higher dietary betaine was associated with lower all-cause mortality in women but not men.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.

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Key findings

  • Higher dietary betaine was associated with lower all-cause mortality in women but not men.
  • The recorded outcome domains were All-cause mortality; Sex differences.
  • The exposure was observed rather than assigned as an isolated supplement treatment.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.
  • Confounding, dietary patterns, illness, medication use and reverse causation can influence an association. Blood or dietary concentrations do not identify the effect of starting a capsule.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Katie A Meyer et al. · Nutrients · 2017
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Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology