Tier 4 — mechanistic

Targeted Plasma Metabolomics Reveals Association of Acute Myocardial Infarction Risk with the Dynamic Balance between Trimethylamine-N-oxide, Betaine, and Choline

Shan Huang, Si Ying Lim, Sock Hwee Tan, Mark Y Chan, Wuzhong Ni, Sam Fong Yau Li
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2023 71(41):15097-15105

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 37781984
DOI
10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08241
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration was not available in the indexed record or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignCase-control metabolomics study
ModelHuman participants
SampleAcute-myocardial-infarction cases and community controls
InterventionMeasured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment
DurationCross-sectional blood sampling
EndpointsMyocardial infarction; Metabolite balance

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2023, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. Design: Case-control metabolomics study. Sample/model: Acute-myocardial-infarction cases and community controls. The exposure or intervention was Measured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment. Follow-up or treatment period: Cross-sectional blood sampling.

Higher betaine, especially combined with lower TMAO, was associated with lower odds of acute myocardial infarction.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome. Diet recall, case selection or illness-related metabolite changes may introduce bias.

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Key findings

  • Higher betaine, especially combined with lower TMAO, was associated with lower odds of acute myocardial infarction.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Myocardial infarction; Metabolite balance.
  • The exposure was observed rather than assigned as an isolated supplement treatment.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome. Diet recall, case selection or illness-related metabolite changes may introduce bias.
  • Confounding, dietary patterns, illness, medication use and reverse causation can influence an association. Blood or dietary concentrations do not identify the effect of starting a capsule.
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Katie A Meyer et al. · Nutrients · 2017
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Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology