Tier 4 — mechanistic

The interactive relationship of dietary choline and betaine with physical activity on circulating creatine kinase (CK), metabolic and glycemic markers, and anthropometric characteristics in physically active young individuals

Ensiye Soleimani, Abnoos Mokhtari Ardekani, Ehsan Fayyazishishavan, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
BMC endocrine disorders 2023 23(1):158

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 37491240
PubMed Central
PMC10367233
DOI
10.1186/s12902-023-01413-3
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declare no competing interests.

Study snapshot

DesignCross-sectional study
ModelHuman participants
Sample120 physically active adults aged 18-35
InterventionHabitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment
DurationSingle dietary and metabolic assessment
EndpointsBody composition; Lipids; Physical activity

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2023, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. Design: Cross-sectional study. Sample/model: 120 physically active adults aged 18-35. The exposure or intervention was Habitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment. Follow-up or treatment period: Single dietary and metabolic assessment.

Betaine intake had mixed anthropometric associations and favorable selected lipid associations, with exploratory physical-activity interactions.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.

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Key findings

  • Betaine intake had mixed anthropometric associations and favorable selected lipid associations, with exploratory physical-activity interactions.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Body composition; Lipids; Physical activity.
  • The exposure was observed rather than assigned as an isolated supplement treatment.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.
  • Confounding, dietary patterns, illness, medication use and reverse causation can influence an association. Blood or dietary concentrations do not identify the effect of starting a capsule.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology