Tier 4 — mechanistic

Association between dietary choline and betaine intake and 10.6-year cardiovascular disease in adults

Mahdieh Golzarand, Parvin Mirmiran, Fereidoun Azizi
Nutrition journal 2022 21(1):1

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 34986852
PubMed Central
PMC8728923
DOI
10.1186/s12937-021-00755-9
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Study snapshot

DesignProspective cohort
ModelHuman participants
Sample2606 adults without previous cardiovascular disease
InterventionHabitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment
DurationMedian 10.6 years
EndpointsCardiovascular incidence

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2022, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. Design: Prospective cohort. Sample/model: 2606 adults without previous cardiovascular disease. The exposure or intervention was Habitual dietary choline and/or betaine intake; no randomized TMG treatment. Follow-up or treatment period: Median 10.6 years.

Total dietary choline and betaine were not associated with incident cardiovascular disease.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.

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Key findings

  • Total dietary choline and betaine were not associated with incident cardiovascular disease.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Cardiovascular incidence.
  • The exposure was observed rather than assigned as an isolated supplement treatment.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.
  • Confounding, dietary patterns, illness, medication use and reverse causation can influence an association. Blood or dietary concentrations do not identify the effect of starting a capsule.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Katie A Meyer et al. · Nutrients · 2017
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Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology