Tier 4 — mechanistic

Changes in Plasma Choline and the Betaine-to-Choline Ratio in Response to 6-Month Lifestyle Intervention Are Associated with the Changes of Lipid Profiles and Intestinal Microbiota: The ICAAN Study

HanByul Jang, Hyunjung Lim, Kyung-Hee Park, SangIck Park, Hye-Ja Lee
Nutrients 2021 13(11):4006

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 34836260
PubMed Central
PMC8625635
DOI
10.3390/nu13114006
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Study snapshot

DesignObservational lifestyle-intervention analysis
ModelHuman participants
Sample40 children/adolescents with obesity
InterventionMeasured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment
Duration6 months
EndpointsLipids; Metabolite ratios; Microbiota

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2021, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. Design: Observational lifestyle-intervention analysis. Sample/model: 40 children/adolescents with obesity. The exposure or intervention was Measured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment. Follow-up or treatment period: 6 months.

Changes in choline and the betaine-to-choline ratio were associated with lipid, diet and microbiome changes during lifestyle treatment.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.

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Key findings

  • Changes in choline and the betaine-to-choline ratio were associated with lipid, diet and microbiome changes during lifestyle treatment.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Lipids; Metabolite ratios; Microbiota.
  • The exposure was observed rather than assigned as an isolated supplement treatment.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.
  • Confounding, dietary patterns, illness, medication use and reverse causation can influence an association. Blood or dietary concentrations do not identify the effect of starting a capsule.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Katie A Meyer et al. · Nutrients · 2017
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Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology