Tier 4 — mechanistic

Low serum choline and high serum betaine levels are associated with favorable components of metabolic syndrome in Newfoundland population

Xiang Gao, Edward Randell, Yuan Tian, Haicheng Zhou, Guang Sun
Journal of diabetes and its complications 2019 33(10):107398

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 31320248
DOI
10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.06.003
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration was not available in the indexed record or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignCross-sectional study
ModelHuman participants
Sample1081 CODING participants
InterventionMeasured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment
DurationBaseline biomarker assessment
EndpointsMetabolic-syndrome markers

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2019, this source examined human observational and biomarker research. Design: Cross-sectional study. Sample/model: 1081 CODING participants. The exposure or intervention was Measured betaine status and related metabolites; no randomized TMG treatment. Follow-up or treatment period: Baseline biomarker assessment.

Higher serum betaine was associated with more favorable lipid and insulin-resistance measures, with sex-specific patterns.

Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.

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Key findings

  • Higher serum betaine was associated with more favorable lipid and insulin-resistance measures, with sex-specific patterns.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Metabolic-syndrome markers.
  • The exposure was observed rather than assigned as an isolated supplement treatment.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Observational exposure analysis: residual confounding and reverse causation remain possible. Associations do not establish that betaine supplementation causes the same outcome.
  • Confounding, dietary patterns, illness, medication use and reverse causation can influence an association. Blood or dietary concentrations do not identify the effect of starting a capsule.
  • Source basis: Indexed abstract and bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

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Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Katie A Meyer et al. · Nutrients · 2017
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Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Elham Sharifi-Zahabi et al. · Journal of diabetes research · 2026
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Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis
Qinglin Yang et al. · European journal of clinical investigation · 2023
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Association of choline and betaine levels with cancer incidence and survival: A meta-analysis
Jiyoung Youn et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology