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Betaine supplementation modulates mitochondrial and redox-related adaptations in premenopausal women with overweight: a randomized controlled trial

Emilia Zawieja, Monika Młodzik-Czyżewska, Agata Chmurzynska
European journal of nutrition 2026 65(8):275

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 42841999
PubMed Central
PMC13645886
DOI
10.1007/s00394-026-04131-3
Funding
Reported funding/support: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004281Narodowe Centrum Nauki2020/37/B/NZ9/00256
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by Bioethics Committee at Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (Decision no. 92/24 of 7 March 2024). Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Study snapshot

DesignRandomized controlled trial
ModelHuman participants
Sample53 randomized women; 42 included in this analysis
InterventionBetaine anhydrous 3 g/day versus placebo
Duration8 weeks
EndpointsPBMC mitochondrial markers; Antioxidant enzymes

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2026, this source examined exercise performance and body composition. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Sample/model: 53 randomized women; 42 included in this analysis. The exposure or intervention was Betaine anhydrous 3 g/day versus placebo. Follow-up or treatment period: 8 weeks.

Change in PBMC citrate-synthase content and plasma catalase activity favored betaine. COX, SOD, glutathione peroxidase and oxidized glutathione did not show significant treatment effects.

Blood-cell enzyme content is not a direct measure of whole-body mitochondrial performance, symptoms or longevity. Multiple endpoints and attrition limit certainty. These outcome reports share registration NCT06344377 and use different analytic samples.

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Continue with Betaine Anhydrous Pre-Workout: Performance, Dose and Evidence

Key findings

  • Change in PBMC citrate-synthase content and plasma catalase activity favored betaine.
  • COX, SOD, glutathione peroxidase and oxidized glutathione did not show significant treatment effects.
  • The recorded outcome domains were PBMC mitochondrial markers; Antioxidant enzymes.
  • The result applies to the tested exposure: Betaine anhydrous 3 g/day versus placebo; 8 weeks.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Blood-cell enzyme content is not a direct measure of whole-body mitochondrial performance, symptoms or longevity. Multiple endpoints and attrition limit certainty. These outcome reports share registration NCT06344377 and use different analytic samples.
  • An individual controlled trial must be interpreted alongside its comparator, sample size, endpoint selection and independent replication. It does not validate a different commercial formulation or a general longevity claim.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology