Tier 3 — preclinical

Effects of L-carnitine, erythritol and betaine on pro-inflammatory markers in primary human corneal epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress

Xia Hua, Zhitao Su, Ruzhi Deng, Jing Lin, De-Quan Li, Stephen C Pflugfelder
Current eye research 2015 40(7):657-667

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 25271595
PubMed Central
PMC4793974
DOI
10.3109/02713683.2014.957776
Funding
Indexed grant support: EY11915 — NEI NIH HHS — United States; R01 EY011915 — NEI NIH HHS — United States; P30 EY002520 — NEI NIH HHS — United States; R01 EY023598 — NEI NIH HHS — United States; EY002520 — NEI NIH HHS — United States. The indexed list may not contain the complete funding declaration.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: Declaration of interest. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

Study snapshot

DesignExperimental animal and/or laboratory research
ModelPrimary human corneal epithelial cells
SampleExperiment-specific biological replicates and model groups; see original methods
InterventionBetaine and other osmoprotectants at 2-20 mmol/L
DurationModel-specific preincubation and stress exposure
EndpointsCorneal inflammation; Osmotic stress; TRPV1

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2015, this source examined preclinical aging, brain and metabolic mechanisms. Design: Experimental animal and/or laboratory research. Sample/model: Experiment-specific biological replicates and model groups; see original methods. The exposure or intervention was Betaine and other osmoprotectants at 2-20 mmol/L. Follow-up or treatment period: Model-specific preincubation and stress exposure.

The osmoprotectants suppressed selected inflammatory responses under hyperosmotic stress, with differing effects among compounds.

Experimental model evidence. The intervention, concentrations and outcomes do not establish an effective human supplement dose or a clinical treatment benefit.

Continue with TMG Data Center

Continue with TMG Supplement: Trimethylglycine Benefits, Uses and Evidence

Key findings

  • The osmoprotectants suppressed selected inflammatory responses under hyperosmotic stress, with differing effects among compounds.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Corneal inflammation; Osmotic stress; TRPV1.
  • The result applies to the tested exposure: Betaine and other osmoprotectants at 2-20 mmol/L; Model-specific preincubation and stress exposure.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Experimental model evidence. The intervention, concentrations and outcomes do not establish an effective human supplement dose or a clinical treatment benefit.
  • Cell concentrations, species, disease models and experimental routes cannot be converted directly into an effective or safe oral human regimen.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

Tier 3
Systematic profiling reveals betaine as an exercise mimetic for geroprotection
Lingling Geng et al. · Cell · 2025
Tier 4
Betaine and aging: A narrative review of findings, possible mechanisms, research perspectives, and practical recommendations
Emilia Zawieja et al. · Ageing research reviews · 2025
Tier 4
Beneficial Effects of Betaine: A Comprehensive Review
Madan Kumar Arumugam et al. · Biology · 2021
Tier 4
Decoding Betaine: A Critical Analysis of Therapeutic Potential Compared with Marketing Hype-A Narrative Review
Grzegorz Nikrandt et al. · The Journal of nutrition · 2024

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology