Tier 4 — mechanistic

Dietary Sources of Glycine Betaine and Proline Betaine in Plant Foods and Their Potential Biological Relevance in Human Nutrition

Bruna Laratta, Rosanna Squitti, Domenico Cautela
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 2026 15(4):759

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 41750951
PubMed Central
PMC12940802
DOI
10.3390/foods15040759
Funding
Reported funding/support: Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)CUP H53D2301114-0001European Union—NextGenerationEU–ProjectP2022P738YWe acknowledge financial support under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4, Component 2, Investment 1.1, Call for tender No. 1409 published on 14 September 2022 by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR), funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU–Project Title P2022P738Y—Betaine Libraries for biological Evaluation to find new applications (Be.Li.Ev.@)—CUP H53D2301114-0001-Grant Assignment Decree No. n. 1363 adopted on 1 September 2023 by the Italian Ministry of Ministry of University and Research (MUR).
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Study snapshot

DesignFood analysis with computational context
ModelHuman participants
SampleSelected plant foods and published dietary/metabolomic datasets
InterventionGlycine betaine and proline betaine quantified separately
DurationCross-sectional laboratory and modelling work
EndpointsFood betaine species; Dietary biomarkers

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2026, this source examined food sources, absorption and nutrient metabolism. It examined Glycine betaine and proline betaine quantified separately. The source describes Selected plant foods and published dietary/metabolomic datasets.

Glycine betaine was abundant in leafy vegetables and some grains, while proline betaine was concentrated in citrus. The two compounds showed different contextual profiles.

Computational target and ADMET predictions are exploratory; proline betaine findings should not be relabelled as TMG treatment evidence.

Continue with TMG Data Center

Continue with Foods High in Betaine: TMG Amounts and Practical Portions

Key findings

  • Glycine betaine was abundant in leafy vegetables and some grains, while proline betaine was concentrated in citrus.
  • The two compounds showed different contextual profiles.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Food betaine species; Dietary biomarkers.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Computational target and ADMET predictions are exploratory; proline betaine findings should not be relabelled as TMG treatment evidence.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods
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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology