Tier 4 — mechanistic

Urea, TMAO, betaine and other osmolytes as endogenous diuretics in heart failure and hypertension

Izabella Mogilnicka, Wojciech Kopacz, Kinga Jaworska, Zainab Alramadhan, Marcin Ufnal
Heart failure reviews 2025 30(5):1061-1074

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 40455373
PubMed Central
PMC12296826
DOI
10.1007/s10741-025-10530-1
Funding
Reported funding/support: National Science Centre, Poland2018/31/B/NZ5/000382018/31/B/NZ5/000382018/31/B/NZ5/000382018/31/B/NZ5/000382018/31/B/NZ5/00038
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Study snapshot

DesignNarrative review
ModelEvidence synthesis; mixed research models
SamplePublished literature; no newly enrolled participant cohort
InterventionReview of betaine-related evidence; no single assigned intervention
DurationEvidence review; source-specific study durations vary
EndpointsBetaine biology; Clinical and mechanistic evidence

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2025, this source examined mechanistic and clinical reviews. Its evidence base was Published literature; no newly enrolled participant cohort. It evaluated Review of betaine-related evidence; no single assigned intervention across Evidence review; source-specific study durations vary.

Discusses endogenous osmolytes as possible contributors to diuresis and fluid regulation.

A translational hypothesis, not proof that betaine supplements treat heart failure, edema or hypertension.

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Key findings

  • Discusses endogenous osmolytes as possible contributors to diuresis and fluid regulation.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Betaine biology; Clinical and mechanistic evidence.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • A translational hypothesis, not proof that betaine supplements treat heart failure, edema or hypertension.
  • The conclusions inherit the limitations of the underlying studies. A narrative interpretation or guideline recommendation is not a new randomized treatment comparison.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Beneficial Effects of Betaine: A Comprehensive Review
Madan Kumar Arumugam et al. · Biology · 2021
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Betaine in human nutrition
Stuart A S Craig et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2004
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Choline and betaine in health and disease
Per Magne Ueland et al. · Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2011

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology