Tier 4 — mechanistic

Dietary choline and betaine intakes and risk of cardiovascular diseases: review of epidemiological evidence

Somayeh Rajaie, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
ARYA atherosclerosis 2011 7(2):78-86

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 22577451
PubMed Central
PMC3347848
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: sAuthors have no conflict of interests.

Study snapshot

DesignNarrative review
ModelEvidence synthesis; mixed research models
SamplePublished literature; no newly enrolled participant cohort
InterventionReview of betaine-related evidence; no single assigned intervention
DurationEvidence review; source-specific study durations vary
EndpointsBetaine biology; Clinical and mechanistic evidence

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2011, this source examined mechanistic and clinical reviews. Its evidence base was Published literature; no newly enrolled participant cohort. It evaluated Review of betaine-related evidence; no single assigned intervention across Evidence review; source-specific study durations vary.

Reviews dietary choline/betaine studies and metabolic risk associations available through 2009.

The review's broad preventive interpretation exceeds what its observational associations can establish; later pooled cohort results are important context.

Continue with TMG Data Center

Continue with TMG and Blood Pressure: What Human Studies Show

Key findings

  • Reviews dietary choline/betaine studies and metabolic risk associations available through 2009.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Betaine biology; Clinical and mechanistic evidence.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • The review's broad preventive interpretation exceeds what its observational associations can establish; later pooled cohort results are important context.
  • The conclusions inherit the limitations of the underlying studies. A narrative interpretation or guideline recommendation is not a new randomized treatment comparison.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

Related papers in the corpus

Tier 4
Decoding Betaine: A Critical Analysis of Therapeutic Potential Compared with Marketing Hype-A Narrative Review
Grzegorz Nikrandt et al. · The Journal of nutrition · 2024
Tier 4
Beneficial Effects of Betaine: A Comprehensive Review
Madan Kumar Arumugam et al. · Biology · 2021
Tier 4
Betaine in human nutrition
Stuart A S Craig et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2004
Tier 4
Choline and betaine in health and disease
Per Magne Ueland et al. · Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2011

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified

Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology