Tier 1 — highest

Effect of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine, and trimethylamine n-oxide in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Naheed Aryaeian, Azadeh Heydarian, Negin Tahvilian, Hossein Hosseini, Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi, Seyedeh Hajar Davarpanah
Nutrition journal 2025 24(1):165

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 41146117
PubMed Central
PMC12560564
DOI
10.1186/s12937-025-01227-0
Funding
Funding was not specified in the indexed record or accessible funding metadata.
Competing interests
Reported disclosure: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Study snapshot

DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs
ModelEvidence synthesis; mixed research models
Sample6 egg trials overall; 5 contributed betaine/TMAO data
InterventionEgg consumption versus control diets
DurationDurations varied by trial
EndpointsBetaine; Choline; TMAO

What the study showed, in plain terms

Published in 2025, this source examined safety assessments and evidence synthesis. Its evidence base was 6 egg trials overall; 5 contributed betaine/TMAO data. It evaluated Egg consumption versus control diets across Durations varied by trial.

No significant overall effect was found on circulating betaine, choline or TMAO, despite subgroup differences.

Small heterogeneous food trials; this does not directly test isolated betaine supplementation.

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Key findings

  • No significant overall effect was found on circulating betaine, choline or TMAO, despite subgroup differences.
  • The recorded outcome domains were Betaine; Choline; TMAO.
  • This synthesis reuses the included study populations; it is not an additional randomized participant cohort.

What this study can and cannot tell us

  • Small heterogeneous food trials; this does not directly test isolated betaine supplementation.
  • Pooled estimates depend on the included trials and may share participants with companion publications or other reviews. A statistically significant surrogate outcome does not establish disease prevention.
  • Source basis: Accessible full-text extract plus indexed bibliographic data. Missing method details, funding information or participant denominators are not inferred.

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Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology