Tier 3 — preclinical

Enhancing therapy with nano-based delivery systems: exploring the bioactive properties and effects of apigenin

Girish Kumar, Pushpika Jain, Tarun Virmani, Ashwani Sharma, Md Sayeed Akhtar, Saad A. Aldosari, Mohd Faiyaz Khan, Sofia O. D. Duarte, Pedro Fonte
Therapeutic Delivery 2024 15(9):717-735

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 39259258
PubMed Central
PMC11415023
DOI
10.1080/20415990.2024.2386928
Funding
The article reports institutional/grant support including i4HB research infrastructure and King Khalid University support.
Competing interests
No product-specific commercial apigenin sponsor was identified in the uploaded review.

Study snapshot

DesignNarrative review of nano-based apigenin delivery systems and co-delivery strategies
ModelPublished formulation, cell and animal literature; selected human context discussed but no new human experiment
SampleNot applicable; review article.
InterventionApigenin delivered through liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, nanoemulsions, nanogels, metallic nanoparticles, silk fibroin systems and other nanocarriers.
DurationNot applicable.
EndpointsSolubility and stability; Bioavailability; Targeted delivery; Controlled release; Preclinical efficacy; Scalability; Regulatory translation; Long-term safety

What the study showed, in plain terms

This review maps technologies designed to overcome apigenin's poor water solubility, limited bioavailability and stability. Nanocarriers can improve delivery in experimental systems, but the review repeatedly notes that clinical translation still requires scalable manufacturing, regulatory validation and long-term safety data.

Key findings

A wide range of nanocarriers can improve apigenin loading, dissolution, stability, tissue targeting or preclinical activity. Co-delivery with conventional drugs may also produce synergistic effects in experimental models. These advantages remain largely preclinical rather than clinically established.

What this study can and cannot tell us

This is a broad narrative review rather than a quantitative systematic synthesis. Formulations, routes, disease models and outcomes are highly heterogeneous, and encouraging nanoparticle results cannot be transferred directly to standard oral apigenin supplements or human clinical efficacy.

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Dr. Khaled Mahmoud, MBBChCritical Care Medicine, Longevity Science & Editorial Direction Dr. Amr Yasser, PhDCardiometabolic, Musculoskeletal, Gut & Bioavailability Dr. Abdulla Mostafa, PhDCellular Senescence, Neurological, Mitochondrial & Brain-Ageing Biology