Tier 2 — strong

Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study

Johanna M Geleijnse, Cees Vermeer, Diederick E Grobbee, Leon J Schurgers, Marjo H J Knapen, Irene M van der Meer, Albert Hofman, Jacqueline C M Witteman

The Journal of nutrition 2004 134(11):3100-5

Bibliography

PubMed: PMID 15514282
DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.11.3100
Funding: Funding is not specified in the indexed abstract or accessible funding metadata. Consult the original publication for the declaration.
Competing interests: A competing-interest declaration is not available in the indexed abstract or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

Design	Prospective observational cohort study
Model	Human participants
Sample	4,807 adults without prior myocardial infarction at baseline
Intervention	Habitual dietary menaquinone intake, estimated by dietary assessment
Duration	Baseline 1990–1993; follow-up through 2000
Endpoints	Coronary heart-disease mortality; All-cause mortality; Aortic calcification

What the study showed, in plain terms

This publication examines coronary heart-disease mortality, all-cause mortality, aortic calcification. Study population or evidence base: 4,807 adults without prior myocardial infarction at baseline. Intervention or exposure: Habitual dietary menaquinone intake, estimated by dietary assessment.

Key findings

Higher dietary menaquinone intake was associated with lower coronary mortality and severe aortic calcification. Dietary K1 was not associated with these outcomes.

What this study can and cannot tell us

Observational dietary associations can reflect confounding and do not demonstrate that MK-7 supplementation prevents cardiovascular disease.

Tier 2

A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease

G C M Gast et al. · Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2009

Citation network

Articles citing this research paper

1 article

Biohack Blueprint analyses that reference this study in their evidence base.

Oct 17, 2026 Vitamin K2 and Arterial Calcification: Can It Remove Plaque?DANCODE, VitaK-CAC and AVADEC compared: what K2 trials show about coronary calcium, plaque, progression and cardiovascular events.Read analysis

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified 17 October 2026

Biohack Blueprint Research