Tier 2 — strong

A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease

G C M Gast, N M de Roos, I Sluijs, M L Bots, J W J Beulens, J M Geleijnse, J C Witteman, D E Grobbee, P H M Peeters, Y T van der Schouw
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 2009 19(7):504-10

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 19179058
DOI
10.1016/j.numecd.2008.10.004
Funding
Funding is not specified in the indexed abstract or accessible funding metadata. Consult the original publication for the declaration.
Competing interests
A competing-interest declaration is not available in the indexed abstract or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

DesignProspective observational cohort study
ModelHuman participants
Sample16,057 women without cardiovascular disease at baseline
InterventionHabitual dietary K1 and K2 intake estimated by food-frequency questionnaire
DurationMean 8.1 years
EndpointsIncident coronary heart disease

What the study showed, in plain terms

This publication examines incident coronary heart disease. Study population or evidence base: 16,057 women without cardiovascular disease at baseline. Intervention or exposure: Habitual dietary K1 and K2 intake estimated by food-frequency questionnaire.

Key findings

Higher dietary menaquinone intake was associated with lower coronary heart-disease incidence, particularly for longer-chain menaquinones.

What this study can and cannot tell us

Diet was not randomized. Residual confounding, dietary measurement error and differences between foods and supplements limit causal interpretation.

Related papers in the corpus

Tier 2
Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study
Johanna M Geleijnse et al. · The Journal of nutrition · 2004

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