Tier 1 — highest

A comprehensive review of spermidine: Safety, health effects, absorption and metabolism, food materials evaluation, physical and chemical processing, and bioprocessing

Dian Zou, Ziyue Zhao, Lu Li, Yu Min, Daiyuan Zhang, Anying Ji, Cong Jiang, Xuetuan Wei, Xian Wu

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2022 21(3):2820-2842

Bibliography

PubMed: PMID 35478379
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12963

Study snapshot

Design	Comprehensive narrative review
Model	Human, animal, cellular and food-science literature
Sample	Not applicable — review
Intervention	Not applicable; synthesis
Duration	Not applicable — review
Endpoints	Safety; Absorption; Metabolism; Food sources; Health effects; Processing; Bioproduction

What the study showed, in plain terms

This broad review is especially useful for understanding how spermidine is absorbed and metabolized, what foods contain it, and what is known about safety and production.

Key findings

Spermidine research spans food science, metabolism and disease biology, but strong mechanistic claims should not be converted directly into human clinical efficacy claims.

What this study can and cannot tell us

Narrative breadth means heterogeneous evidence levels are combined; it predates several 2023-2026 human studies now included in this Data Center.

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Khaled Mahmoud