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The Synergistic Interplay between Vitamins D and K for Bone and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review

Adriana J van Ballegooijen, Stefan Pilz, Andreas Tomaschitz, Martin R Grübler, Nicolas Verheyen

International journal of endocrinology 2017 2017:7454376

Bibliography

PubMed: PMID 29138634
PubMed Central: PMC5613455
DOI: 10.1155/2017/7454376
Funding: Funding is not specified in the indexed abstract or accessible funding metadata. Consult the original publication for the declaration.
Competing interests: A competing-interest declaration is not available in the indexed abstract or accessible disclosure metadata.

Study snapshot

Design	Narrative review of vitamin D and K interactions
Model	Human clinical, animal and cellular evidence
Sample	Multiple clinical and mechanistic studies; no new trial cohort
Intervention	Vitamin D and vitamin K, separately or together, across source studies
Duration	Varied across reviewed studies
Endpoints	Vitamin K-dependent proteins; Bone outcomes; Cardiovascular mechanisms and outcomes

What the study showed, in plain terms

This publication examines vitamin k-dependent proteins, bone outcomes, cardiovascular mechanisms and outcomes. Study population or evidence base: Multiple clinical and mechanistic studies; no new trial cohort. Intervention or exposure: Vitamin D and vitamin K, separately or together, across source studies.

Key findings

The review explains how vitamin D-related protein production and vitamin K-dependent carboxylation may interact. Early clinical studies suggested possible benefits of combining the nutrients.

What this study can and cannot tell us

A narrative review published before several larger, more recent trials. Biological complementarity does not prove that all adults need both supplements or that the combination prevents arterial disease.

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

Last verified 17 October 2026

Biohack Blueprint Research