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Muscle creatine loading in men

E Hultman, K Söderlund, J A Timmons, G Cederblad, P L Greenhaff
J Appl Physiol 1996 81(1):232-237

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 8828669
Funding
No explicit funding statement was located in the accessible PubMed or publisher records during Biohack Blueprint's 2026-10-02 audit. This is an audit-status statement, not confirmation that the study received no funding.
Competing interests
No explicit competing-interests statement was located in the accessible PubMed or publisher records during Biohack Blueprint's 2026-10-02 audit. This is an audit-status statement, not confirmation that no competing interests existed.

Study snapshot

DesignControlled human supplementation study
ModelHuman
Sample31 men across dosing protocols
InterventionCreatine monohydrate loading and lower-dose protocols
DurationUp to 28 days
EndpointsMuscle total creatine; Phosphocreatine; Creatine retention

What the study showed, in plain terms

Foundational dosing study establishing that rapid loading can saturate muscle creatine quickly, while smaller daily doses can reach similar stores more gradually.

Key findings

Approximately 20 g/day for several days produced rapid muscle loading; about 3 g/day achieved similar muscle creatine accumulation over a longer period.

What this study can and cannot tell us

Men only; mechanistic endpoints rather than direct long-term health outcomes.

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