Tier 2 — strong

Influence of oral creatine supplementation of muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal voluntary exercise in man

P L Greenhaff, A Casey, A H Short, R Harris, K Soderlund, E Hultman

Clin Sci (Lond) 1993 84(5):565-571

Bibliography

PubMed: PMID 8504634
DOI: 10.1042/cs0840565
Funding: No explicit funding statement was located in the accessible PubMed or publisher records during Biohack Blueprint's 2026-10-02 audit. This is an audit-status statement, not confirmation that the study received no funding.
Competing interests: No explicit competing-interests statement was located in the accessible PubMed or publisher records during Biohack Blueprint's 2026-10-02 audit. This is an audit-status statement, not confirmation that no competing interests existed.

Design	Placebo-controlled human exercise trial
Model	Human
Sample	12 adults
Intervention	Creatine 5 g four times daily for 5 days
Duration	5 days
Endpoints	Muscle torque; Repeated maximal contractions; Blood lactate; Plasma ammonia

Early placebo-controlled evidence that short-term creatine loading can improve performance during repeated maximal muscular work.

Creatine improved torque production during repeated maximal contractions compared with placebo in this small trial.

Very small sample and short duration; results apply to repeated maximal exercise rather than endurance or general health.

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Last verified 03 October 2026