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Creatine Supplementation Dose and Duration Are Not Associated with Increased Side Effects: A Structured Review and Study-Level Dose-Response Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Sports (Basel)
2026
14(4):137
Bibliography
- PubMed
- PMID 42043069
- PubMed Central
- PMC13120166
- Funding
- This research received no external funding.
- Competing interests
- Several authors disclosed creatine-industry relationships: Drew Gonzalez reported industry-sponsored creatine research and conference support; Richard Kreider reported industry-sponsored research, conference support, expert-witness work and advisory-board roles including AlzChem; Scott Forbes reported advisory work and creatine donations; Darren Candow reported industry-sponsored research, product donations and travel support.
Study snapshot
| Design | Structured review and study-level dose-response analysis of randomized controlled trials |
|---|---|
| Model | Human |
| Sample | 684 randomized controlled trials; more than 12,800 participants in creatine and placebo study arms |
| Intervention | Creatine monohydrate across a wide range of doses and durations |
| Duration | Varied; analyzed by dose and duration tertiles |
| Endpoints | Total side-effect reporting; Gastrointestinal events; Renal events; Liver events; Musculoskeletal events; Dose-response patterns |
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Key findings
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