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Creatine and improvement in cognitive function: Evaluation of a health claim pursuant to article 13(5) of regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA)
EFSA J 2024 22(11):e9100

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 39564533
PubMed Central
PMC11574456
Funding
EFSA scientific opinion produced following a health-claim application submitted by Alzchem Trostberg GmbH; this is a regulatory evidence assessment, not a supplementation trial.
Competing interests
This record represents an EFSA panel scientific opinion. Biohack Blueprint treats the applicant's commercial interest and the independent regulatory assessment as separate parts of the evidence context.

Study snapshot

DesignRegulatory scientific evidence assessment
ModelHuman intervention evidence
Sample21 applicant-identified human intervention studies plus 2 additional studies identified from a meta-analysis reference list
InterventionCreatine supplementation across human cognition studies
DurationVaried by included study
EndpointsWorking memory; Response inhibition; Cognitive domains; Mechanistic plausibility

What the study showed, in plain terms

European Food Safety Authority assessment of whether human evidence substantiates a cause-and-effect health claim that creatine improves cognition in the general healthy adult population.

Key findings

EFSA concluded that a cause-and-effect relationship had not been established for improvement in one or more cognitive domains. Positive acute findings at 20 g/day were not consistently reproduced at lower or longer-term doses.

What this study can and cannot tell us

Regulatory health-claim assessment asks a stricter population-level causality question than many individual trials; newer 2026 sleep-deprivation studies were published after this 2024 opinion.

Citation network

Articles citing this research paper

2 articles

Biohack Blueprint analyses that reference this study in their evidence base.

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

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