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Part II. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?

Jose Antonio, Ann F Brown, Darren G Candow, Philip D Chilibeck, Stacey J Ellery, Scott C Forbes, Bruno Gualano, Andrew R Jagim, Chad Kerksick, Richard B Kreider, Sergej M Ostojic, Eric S Rawson, Michael D Roberts, Hamilton Roschel, Abbie E Smith-Ryan, Jeffrey R Stout, Mark A Tarnopolsky, Trisha A VanDusseldorp, Darryn S Willoughby, Tim N Ziegenfuss
J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2025 22(1):2441760

Bibliography

PubMed
PMID 39720835
PubMed Central
PMC11703406
Funding
Authors reported no funding associated with the work.
Competing interests
Multiple authors disclosed creatine-related industry research, consulting, supplement donations, advisory-board roles, speaking support, expert-witness work or commercial interests; several authors declared no competing interests.

Study snapshot

DesignEvidence-based narrative review
ModelHuman
SampleReview of additional common creatine questions
InterventionCreatine monohydrate evidence across sport and health
DurationNot applicable
EndpointsDosing; Safety; Women; Older adults; Clinical applications; Performance

What the study showed, in plain terms

Second expert review updating frequently asked creatine questions and areas not fully covered in the 2021 paper.

Key findings

The authors conclude that creatine monohydrate remains a well-supported supplement for selected sport, exercise and health outcomes across the lifespan while emphasizing context-specific dosing and evidence.

What this study can and cannot tell us

Expert narrative review rather than a new systematic meta-analysis; extensive author expertise includes multiple industry research relationships, so individual claims should be traced to primary studies.

Citation network

Articles citing this research paper

4 articles

Biohack Blueprint analyses that reference this study in their evidence base.

Editorial review

Reviewed by the Biohack Blueprint research team

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